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Thomas More
Thomas More portreti
Tavalludi 7-mart 1478-yil
Vafoti 6-iyul 1535-yil(2025-08-14)
(57 yoshda)
Ijod qilgan tillari Ingliz tili, Lotin tili, Qadimgi yunon tili va Italyan tili
Fuqaroligi Kingdom of England
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Thomas More (1478-yil 7-fevral — 1535-yil 6-iyul), katolik cherkovida Avliyo Thomas More nomi bilan hurmatga sazovor bo?lgan[1][2] ingliz huquqshunosi, sudya,[3] ijtimoiy faylasuf, yozuvchi, davlat arbobi va Uyg?onish davrining taniqli gumanisti. U, Henri VIII davrida 1529-yil oktabrdan 1532-yil maygacha Angliyaning Oliy Lord Kansleri lavozimida ishlagan[4] U 1516-yilda nashr etilgan[5] " Utopia " asarini yozgan, asarda xayoliy orol davlatining siyosiy tizimi tasvirlangan.

U Martin Luther, Huldrich Tswingli, Jhon Calvin va William Tyndale ilohiyotiga qarshi polemikalarni yo?naltirib, protestant islohotiga ko?proq qarshi chiqadi. Bundan tashqari, Henri VIII ning katolik cherkovdan ajralishiga qarshi bo?lib, Henrini Angliya cherkovining oliy rahbari sifatida tan olishdan bosh tortadi va uning Aragonlik Catherine bilan nikohini bekor qiladi. Rahbarlik Qasamyodini qabul qilishdan bosh tortgach, u xiyonatda ayblanib, qatl etiladi. Qatl paytida u : ?Men shohning yaxshi xizmatkori va Xudoning birinchi xizmatkori sifatida o?laman“ degan edi.

Papa Pius XI Moreni 1935-yilda shahid sifatida kanonizatsiya qildi. Rim papasi Ioann Pavel II uni 2000-yilda davlat va siyosat arboblarining avliyosi deb e?lon qildi.[6][7][8]

  1478-yil 7-fevralda London shahridagi Milk ko?chasida tug?ilgan Thomas More muvaffaqiyatli advokat va keyinchalik sudya bo?lgan John More[9][3] va uning rafiqasi Agnesning o?g?li edi. U olti farzandning ikkinchisi edi. More Londonning eng yaxshi maktablaridan biri hisoblangan Avliyo Entoni maktabida tahsil olgan.[10][11] So?ng, 1490-yildan 1492-yilgacha Kanterberi arxiyepiskopi va Angliya lord kansleri John Mortonga uy paji sifatida xizmat qildi.[12] :xvi

Yosh More haqida yuqori fikrda bo?lgan Morton " Yangi o?rganish " ni (keyinchalik ?gumanizm“ yoki ?London gumanizmi“ deb nomlanuvchi stipendiya) ishtiyoq bilan qo?llab-quvvatladi. Morening katta salohiyatga ega ekanligiga ishongan Morton uni Oksford universitetida o?qishga nomzod qilib ko?rsatdi.[13] :38

More 1492-yilda Oksfordda o?qishni boshladi va klassik ta?lim oldi. Tohmas Linacre va William Grocynning qo?l ostida tahsil olib, lotin va yunon tillarini yaxshi o?rgandi. More otasining talabi bilan Londondagi Nyu-Inn, Kantselyariya mehmonxonalaridan birida yuridik ta?limni boshlash uchun.[12] :xvii[14] Oksfordda atigi ikki yil o?qib so?ng uni tark etdi.1496-yilda More Court mehmonhonalaridan biri bo?lgan Linkoln?s Inn da talaba bo?ldi.

Uning do?sti, Rotterdamlik ilohiyotshunos Desiderius Erasmusning so?zlariga ko?ra, More bir vaqtlar rohib bo?lish uchun yuridik karyerasini tark etishni jiddiy o?ylagan.[15][16] 1503-1504-yillarda More London devorlari tashqarisidagi Kartezan monastiri yaqinida yashab, rohiblarning diniy faoliyatlarida qatnashgan. Garchi u ularning taqvodorligiga qoyil qolgan bo?lsa-da, More oxir-oqibat oldingi holatiga qaytishga qaror qildi va 1504-yilda parlamentga saylandi va keyingi yili oila qurdi.[12] :xxi

Umrining qolgan qismida ko?proq zohidlik amaliyotlari bilan davom ettirdi.[12] :xxiAvliyo Frensisning Uchinchi Ordeni an?anasi Moreni avliyolar taqvimida ushbu ordenning a?zosi sifatida sharaflaydi.[17]

Oilaviy hayoti

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Rouland Lockey Kichik Hans Holbeindan keyin , Sir Thomas Morening oilasi, c. 1594

More 1505-yilda Jane Coltga uylandi. O?sha yili u London, Sent-Stiven Uolbruk cherkovi, Baklersberidagi Old Barj deb nomlanuvchi uyning bir qismini ijaraga oldi. Sakkiz yil o?tgach, u uyning qolgan qismini egalladi va 1525-yilda ?Chelsi“ga ko?chib o?tgunga qadar u yerda deyarli 20 yil yashadi[13] :118;271[18][19] Erasmusning xabar berishicha, More yosh xotiniga xotini uyda ilgari olganidan ko?ra yaxshiroq ta?lim berishni xohlagan va unga musiqa va adabiyotdan dars bergan.[13] :119Er-xotinning to?rt farzandi bor edi: Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely va John. Jane 1511-yilda vafot etdi[13] :132

30 kun ichida ?do?stlarning maslahatlariga qaramasdan“ More o?zining keng doirasidagi do?stlari orasida munosib ayollardan biriga uylandi.[20][21] U beva qolgan Alice Middletonni ro?zg?orga boshchilik qilish va kichik bolalariga g?amxo?rlik qilish uchun tanladi.[22] Nikohning tezligi shunchalik g?ayrioddiy ediki, More nikohni taqiqlash qoidalaridan voz kechishga majbur bo?ldi ya?ni More jamoatchilikdagi obro?si tufayli nikohga osonlik bilan erishdi.[20]

Morening ikkinchi nikohidan farzandlari yo?q edi, garchi u Elisning oldingi turmushidan bo?lgan qizini o?zidek tarbiyalagan bo?lsa-da. More ikki yosh qizning vasiysi bo?ldi: Ann Kresakr oxir-oqibat o?g?li Jon Morega uylanadi;[13] :146va Margaret Giggz (keyinchalik Klement) uning o?limga guvoh bo?lgan yagona oila a?zosi edi (u qatlning 35 yilligida vafot etdi va uning qizi Morening jiyani Uilyam Rastellga uylandi). Mehribon ota bo?lgan More qonuniy yoki davlat ishlarida bo?lganida farzandlariga xat yozar va ularni unga tez-tez yozishga undagan.[13] :150[23] :xiv

Ko?proq qizlariga o?g?liga bergan kabi klassik ta?lim berishni afzal ko?rdi, bu esa o?sha paytdagi g?ayrioddiy munosabat edi.[13] :146–47Uning katta qizi Margaret o?zining bilimdonligi, ayniqsa yunon va lotin tillarini yaxshi bilishi bilan ko?pchilikni hayratga soldi. Morening o?z qizlariga ta?lim berish qarori boshqa zodagon oilalarga o?rnak bo?ldi. Hatto Erasmus ham ularning yutuqlariga guvoh bo?lgach, bunday yutuqlarni oqladi.[13] :149

More va uning oilasi, Sir Thomas More va oilasining portreti Holbein tomonidan chizilgan; ammo, u 18-asrda yong?inda yo?qolgan. Morening nabirasi saqlanib qolgan rasmning ikkita versiyasi asosida portret nusxasini buyurtma qildirgan.

Ilk siyosiy karyerasi

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Thomas More oilasining portretini o?rganish, c. 1527-yil, Kichik Hans Holbein tomonidan chizilgan

1504-yilda More Buyuk Yarmut vakili sifatida parlamentga saylandi va 1510-yilda London vakili bo?ldi.[24]

1510-yildan boshlab More London shahrining ikkita yordamchisidan biri bo?lib xizmat qildi, bu katta mas’uliyatli lavozimda u halol va samarali davlat xizmatchisi sifatida obro? qozondi. More 1514-yilda so?rovlar ustasi bo?ldi,[25] o?sha yili u shaxsiy maslahatchi sifatida tayinlandi.[26] Muqaddas Rim imperatori Kardinal V huzurida diplomatik missiyani amalga oshirgandan so?ng, York kardinal arxiyepiskopi Thomas Wolsey bilan Kale va Bryuggega jo?nab ketgan More ritsar unvoniga sazovor bo?ldi va 1521-yilda Moliya vazirligining g?aznachisi etib tayinlandi[26]

Qirol Genrix VIII ning kotibi va shaxsiy maslahatchisi sifatida More borgan sari xorijiy diplomatlarni kutib olish, rasmiy hujjatlarni ishlab chiqish va Qirol va Lord Chancellor Wolsey o?rtasida bog?lovchi bo?lib xizmat qilish ta?siri kuchayib bord. Keyinchalik Oksford va Kembrij universitetlarida Oliy Styuard bo?lib ish yutitdi.

1523-yilda More Midlseks shtatining ritsari sifatida saylandi va Wolsey tavsiyasiga ko?ra, Jamoatlar Palatasi Moreni o?z spikeri etib sayladi.[26] 1525-yilda More Shimoliy Angliyaning katta qismi ustidan ijroiya va sud mas’uliyati bilan Lankaster Gersogligining Kansleri bo?ldi.[26]

Wolsey vafotidan so?ng, More 1529-yilda Lord Kansler lavozimini egalladi. U ishlarni misli ko?rilmagan tezlik bilan bajardi.

Protestant islohotiga qarshilik

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Sir Thomas More 19-asr London,Karey ko?chasi oxiridagi Sir Thomas More uyida, , Qirollik sudining ro?parasida haykal bilan esga olinadi.

More katolik cherkovni qo?llab-quvvatladi va protestant islohotini bid’at kabi ko?rdi buni ham cherkov, ham jamiyat birligiga tahdid deb bildi. More cherkovning ilohiyotshunosliligiga, argumentatsiyasiga va cherkov qonunlariga ishongan va ?Lyuterning katolik cherkovini yo?q qilishga chaqiruvini huddi urushga chaqirish sifatida qabul qilgan“.[27]

Uning protestant islohotiga qarshi dastlabki harakatlari Angliyaga Lyuteran kitoblarining olib kirilishining oldini olishda Wolseyga yordam berish, protestantantlarga gumon qilish,[28] ayniqsa noshirlar ustidan josuslik va tergov qilish, shuningdek, Injil va boshqa materiallarni olib yurish va boshqa protestant materiallarini tarqatishda ayblab hibsga olishdan iborat edi.. Bundan tashqari, Tindalning Yangi Ahdning ingliz tilidagi tarjimasini yo?q qilish ishlari yanada kuchliroq edi. [29]

Tindal Injil ko?proq bid’at va fitna deb hisoblangan va More bundagi ba?zi so?zlarning bahsli tarjimalaridan foydalangan; Masalan, u yunoncha " presbyteros " uchun ?ruhoniy“ emas, ?katta“ va ?oqsoqol“ so?zlarini ishlatgan. ", va cherkov o?rniga jamoat atamasini ishlatgan; [30] u shuningdek, ba?zi marginal jilolar katolik ta?limotiga qarshi ekanligini ta?kidlardi. [31] Aynan shu davrda uning adabiy polemikalarining aksariyati paydo bo?ldi.

Morening hayoti davomida va keyin Lord Kansler bo?lgan davrida protestant ?bid’atchilar“ ning ta?qib qilinishi haqida ko?plab ma?lumotlar tarqaldi. XVI asrdagi mashhur ingliz protestant tarixchisi John Foxe o?zining "Shaxidlar kitobi" da Moreni qiynoqlar bo?yicha ayblovlarini e?lon qilishda muhim rol o?ynagan ya?ni More bid’atchilarni so?roq qilishda ko?pincha zo?ravonlik yoki qiynoqlardan foydalanganligini ta?kidlagan.[32] Keyinchalik Brian Moynahan va Michael Farris kabi mualliflar bu da?volarni takrorlashda Foksdan iqtibos keltiradilar,[33] Garchi Diarmaid MacCulloch Morening ?bid’atchilarni yoqishdan zavqlanishini“ tan olgan holda, uning bevosita ishtirok etganligi haqida hech qanday dalil topmaydi.[34] More kanslerligi davrida olti kishi bid’at uchun olovda yoqib yuborilgan; ular Thomas Hitton, Thomas Bilney, Richard Bayfiled, Jhon Tewkesbury, Thomas Dusgate va James Bainham edi.[13] :299–306Moynahanning ta?kidlashicha, More Tindalni yoqib yuborishda ta?siri bo?lgan, chunki Morening agentlari Tindalni o?limidan bir yil o?tib ham, uni uzoq vaqt ta?qib qilishgan.


Buning o?rniga ko?proq o?zining ?Uzr so?rash“ asarida (1533) ta?kidlaganidek, u faqat ikkita bid’atchiga nisbatan jismoniy jazo qo?llagan: Evxaristiya bilan bog?liq bid’at uchun oilasi oldida qamishlangan bola va buzg?unchilik uchun qamchilangan ?zaif“ odam. ibodatlar.[35] :404

Papalik va Qirol o?rtasidagi ustunlik bo?yicha ziddiyat avjiga chiqqanida, More Angliya qiroli ustidan Pyotrning vorisi sifatida Rim papasining ustunligini qo?llab-quvvatlashda sobit bo?lishda davom etdi. Parlament 1529-yilda preemunire ayblovini qayta tiklashi, Qiroldan tashqari har qanday hokimiyatni (masalan, papalik) Qiroldan yuridik ustuvorlikka ega bo?lish da?vosini davlat yoki idorada qo?llab-quvvatlashini jinoyatga aylantirdi.[36]

1530-yilda More yetakchi ingliz cherkov a?zolari va aristokratlari tomonidan Papa Clement VII dan Henrining Aragonlik Catherine bilan nikohini bekor qilishni so?rab xatni imzolashdan bosh tortdi, shuningdek, Genrix VIII bilan bid’at qonunlari tufayli janjallashdi. 1531-yilda qirollik farmoni ruhoniylardan qirolni Angliya cherkovining oliy rahbari deb tan olish to?g?risida qasamyod qilishlarini talab qildi. 1532-yilda Kanterberi chaqiruvida yepiskoplar qasamyodni ?Masihning qonuni imkon qadar“ so?zlari qo?shilganidan keyin va faqat preemunir tahdidi ostida imzolashga rozi bo?lishdi.[37]

Bu ruhoniylarning so?nggi bo?ysunishi hisoblangan.[38] Kardinal Jhon Fisher va boshqa ruhoniylar imzo chekishdan bosh tortdilar. Henri papalik pozitsiyasini qo?llab-quvvatlagan ko?pchilik ruhoniylarni cherkovdagi yuqori lavozimlardan olib tashladi. More hukmronlik qasamyodini imzolashdan bosh tortishda davom etdi va Henrining Catherine bilan nikohini bekor qilishni qo?llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo?lmadi.[36] Biroq, u qirolning harakatlarini ochiqchasiga rad etmadi va o?z fikrlarini sir tutdi.[39]

1532-yil 16-mayda More kansler lavozimidan iste?foga chiqdi, bu Henrining foydasiga qoldi.[40] Uning iste?foga chiqish qaroriga bir kun oldin Qirollik tahdidi ostida bo?lgan Ingliz Cherkovining chaqiruv qarori sabab bo?lgan.[41]

Ilmiy va adabiy ishlari

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Utopyaning 1516-yilgi tasviri

Morening eng mashhur va eng bahsli asari Utopiya lotin tilida yozilgan ilmiy fantastik asardir.[42] More kitobni tugalladi va ilohiyotchi Erasmus kitobni 1516- yilda Levenda nashr etgan, ammo u faqat ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan edi va 1551-yilda (u qatl qilinganidan 16 yil o?tgach) o?z vatanida nashr etilgan va 1684-yilgi tarjima eng ko?p tilga olingan tarjima bo?ldi. More (shuningdek, kitobdagi qahramon) va hikoyachi/sayohatchi Raphael Hythlodaeus (uning ismi shifobaxsh farishta Raphaelga ishora qiladi) Antverpendagi zamonaviy kasalliklarni muhokama qiladi shuningdek xayoliy orol mamlakati Utopiyaning (yunoncha ?ou-topos“ [joy yo?q] va ?eu-topos“ [yaxshi joy] degan so?z birikmasi) siyosiy tartiblarni tasvirlaydi.

Utopiyada Yevropa davlatlarining ziddiyatli ijtimoiy hayotini Utopiya va uning atrofidagi (Tallstoria, Nolandia va Aircastle) mukammal tartibli, oqilona ijtimoiy tartibga solish g?oyasini qarama-qarshi qo?yadi. Utopiyada qonunlarning soddaligi va ijtimoiy yig?inlar omma oldida bo?lgani (ishtirokchilarni yaxshi xulq-atvorga undash) tufayli advokatlar yo?q, kommunal mulk xususiy mulkni siqib chiqaradi, erkaklar va ayollar bir xil huquqqa ega va deyarli to?liq diniy bag?rikenglik mavjud (ruxsat berilgan, lekin nafratlanilgan ateistlar bundan mustasno).

More o?zining namunasi sifatida monastir kommunalizmidan foydalangan bo?lishi mumkin, garchi u taqdim etgan boshqa tushunchalar, masalan, evtanaziyani qonuniylashtirish cherkov ta?limotidan uzoqda bo?lsa ham. Hythlodaeus ta?kidlashicha, xudoga yoki keyingi hayotga ishonishdan bosh tortgan odamga hech qachon ishonib bo?lmaydi, chunki u o?zidan tashqari hech qanday hokimiyat yoki printsipni tan olmaydi.

Ba?zilar romanning asosiy xabarini erkinlikdan ko?ra tartib va intizomga bo?lgan ijtimoiy ehtiyoj deb bilishadi. Ajablanarlisi shundaki, faylasuflar siyosatga aralashmasliklari kerak deb hisoblaydigan Hythlodaeus Morening insonparvarlik e?tiqodlari va qirolning xizmatkori sifatidagi saroy burchlari o?rtasidagi yakuniy ziddiyatiga to?xtalib, bir kun kelib bu axloqlar siyosiy voqelikka zid kelishini ta?kidlaydi.

Utopiya ideal jamiyatlar yoki mukammal shaharlar yoki ularning qarama-qarshiligini aks ettiruvchi utopik va distopik fantastika adabiy janrini keltirib chiqardi. Utopiya ta?siri ostida bo?lgan dastlabki asarlar orasida Francis Baconning Yangi Atlantis, Semuel Butlerning Eryuxon va Volterning Kandid asari bor. Garchi utopizm mukammal jamiyatlarning klassik tushunchalarini (Aflotun va Aristotel) Rim ritorik nozikligi bilan birlashtirgan bo?lsa-da (qarang. Tsitseron, Quintilian, epideiktik notiqlik), bu tushunchalar Uyg?onish davridan to Ma?rifat davrigacha davom etdi va zamonaviy ilmiy fantastikada saqlanib qoldi.

Diniy polemika

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1520-yilda islohotchi Martin Luther ketma-ket uchta asarni nashr etdi: Nemis xalqining nasroniy zodagonlariga murojaat (avgust.), Cherkovning Bobil asirligi haqida (okt.), va Nasroniy odamning ozodligi haqida (noyabr).[13] :225Ushbu kitoblarda Lyuter o?zining najot haqidagi ta?limotini faqat inoyat orqali bayon qiladi, ba?zi katolik amaliyotlarini rad etadi va katolik cherkovidagi haddan tashqari suiiste?mollik holatlarga hujum qialdi.[13] :225–61521-yilda Henry VIII Lutherning tanqidlariga More yordami bilan yozilgan Assertio orqali rasmiy ravishda javob beradi.[43] Rim papasi Leo X ingliz qirolini Lutherning bid’atlariga qarshi kurashi uchun ? Fidei Defensor“ (?Imon himoyachisi“) unvoni bilan taqdirlagan.[13] :226–7

Eslatma: ?CW“ havolasi Sent-Tomas Morening to?liq asarlarining Yel nashrining tegishli jildiga (Nyu-Xeyven va London 1963-1997) tegishli.

More hayoti davomida chop etilgan nashriyotlari (nashr qilingan sanalari bilan)

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
  • Quvnoq hazil (taxminan 1516) (CW 1)
  • Utopiya (1516) (CW 4)
  • Lotin she?rlari (1518, 1520) (CW 3, Pt.2)
  • Brixiusga maktub (1520) (CW 3, Pt. 2, Ilova C)
  • Responsio ad Lutherum (Lyuterga javob, 1523) (CW 5)
  • Bidatlarga oid dialog (1529, 1530) (CW 6)
  • Ruhlarning iltijosi (1529) (CW 7)
  • Fritga qarshi maktub (1532) (CW 7) pdf (Wayback Machine saytida 2025-08-14 sanasida arxivlangan)
  • Tindal javobining chalkashligi (1532, 1533) (CW 8) 1-4 kitoblar, 5-9 kitoblar (Wayback Machine saytida 2025-08-14 sanasida arxivlangan)
  • Kechirim (1533) (CW 9)
  • Salem va Bizansning debellatsiyasi (1533) (CW 10) pdf (Wayback Machine saytida 2025-08-14 sanasida arxivlangan)
  • Zaharlangan kitobga javob (1533) (CW 11) pdf (Wayback Machine saytida 2025-08-14 sanasida arxivlangan)

More vafotidan keyin nashriyotlari (taxminiy kompozitsiya sanalari bilan)

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
  • Qirol Richard III tarixi (taxminan 1513-1518) (CW 2 va 15)
  • To?rt oxirgi narsa (taxminan 1522) (CW 1)
  • Qiyinchiliklarga qarshi tasalli suhbati (1534) (CW 12)
  • Ehtiros haqidagi risola (1534) (CW 13)
  • Muborak tana haqida risola (1535) (CW 13)
  • Ko?rsatmalar va ibodatlar (1535) (CW 13)
  • De Tristitia Christi (1535) (CW 14) (Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus Christi, Valensiyada saqlanadi)
  • Lucianning tarjimalari (ko?p sanalar 1506-1534) (CW 3, Pt.1)
  • Piko della Mirandolaning hayoti, Janfrancesco Piko della Mirandola (taxminan 1510) (CW 1)
(Izoh: Bremond Berglar (2009) da tez-tez tilga olinadi)


Birlamchi manbalar

[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
  • More, Thomas (1947), Rogers, Elizabeth (muh.), The Correspondence of Sir Thomas More, Princeton University Press.
  • ——— (1963–1997), Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, Yale University Press.
  • ——— (2001), da Silva, álvaro (muh.), The Last Letters of Thomas More.
  • ——— (2003), Thornton, John F (muh.), Saint Thomas More: Selected Writings.
  • ——— (2004), Wegemer, Gerald B; Smith, Stephen W (muh.), A Thomas More Source Book, Catholic University of America Press.
  • ——— (2010), Logan, George M; Adams, Robert M (muh.), Utopia, Critical Editions (3rd-nashr), Norton.

|- style="text-align:center;"

|style="width:30%;" rowspan="1"|Oldingisi

| style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"| Speaker of the House of Commons
1523

| style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"| Keyingisi

|- |- style="text-align:center;"

|style="width:30%;" rowspan="1"|Oldingisi

| style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"| Lord Chancellor
1529–1532 |}

  1. ?St. Thomas More“. savior.org. 2019-yil 25-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 9-iyun.
  2. Homily at the Canonization of St. Thomas More (Wayback Machine saytida 2025-08-14 sanasida arxivlangan) at The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas, 2010, citing text ?Recorded in The Tablet, June 1, 1935, pp. 694-695“
  3. 3,0 3,1 Glenn, Garrard (1-yanvar 1941-yil). ?St. Thomas More As Judge and lawyer“. Fordham Law Review. 10-jild, № 2. 187-bet.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  4. Linder, Douglas O. The Trial of Sir Thomas More: A Chronology at University Of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School Of Law
  5. Jubilee of parliament and government members, proclamation of Saint Thomas More as patron of statesmen vatican.va
  6. Apostolic letter issued motu proprio proclaiming Saint Thomas More Patron of Statesmen and Politicians, 31 October 2000 Vatican.va
  7. ?Holy Days“. Worship – The Calendar. Church of England (2011). 2012-yil 29-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 20-aprel.
  8. King, Margaret L.. Renaissance Humanism: An Anthology of Sources. Hackett Publishing, 2014 — 157-bet. ISBN 978-1-62466-146-4. 
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  10. ?Sir Thomas More“. The Biography Channel website (2014). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-yanvar.
  11. ?Thomas More: Always a Londoner“. tudortimes.co.uk (2016-yil 24-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 1-may.
  12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 ?Introduction“, Utopia, Classics Rebhorn: . New York: Barnes & Noble, 2005. 
  13. 13,00 13,01 13,02 13,03 13,04 13,05 13,06 13,07 13,08 13,09 13,10 13,11 Ackroyd, Peter. The Life of Thomas More. New York: Anchor Books, 1999. 
  14. Harpsfield, Nicholas (1931). ?The Life and Death of Sr Thomas More“. London: Early English Text Society. 12–3-bet. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (yordam)
  15. Erasmus, Desiderius ?Letter to Ulrich von Hutten“, . Utopia Adams: . New York: WW Norton & Co, 1991 — 125-bet. ISBN 9780393961454. 
  16. ?Erasmus to Ulrich von Hutten“. The Center for Thomas More Studies. Biographical Accounts: Erasmus' Letters about More. Thomasmorestudies.org. 2016-yil 16-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 8-mart.
  17. ?Franciscan Calendar“. Tau Cross Region of the Secular Franciscan Order. 2013-yil 5-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  18. Wood, Alexander. Ecclesiastical Antiquities of London and Its Suburbs. London: Burns & Oates, 1874 — 105–6-bet. OCLC 18479600. 
  19. Reynolds, Ernest E.. The field is won; the life and death of Saint Thomas More. Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co, 1968 — 54-bet. ISBN 978-0-223-97628-3. 
  20. 20,0 20,1 Wegemer, Gerard B.. Thomas More: A Portrait of Courage. Scepter Publishing, 1995. 
  21. Wagner, John A.. Encyclopedia of Tudor England. ABC-CLIO, 2011 — 769–770-bet. ISBN 978-1-59884-299-9. 
  22. Lincolnshire Pedigrees Maddison: . London: Harleian Society, 1903 — 5-bet. 
  23. More, Thomas. Selected Letters Rogers: . New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1961. 
  24. ?History of Parliament“. History of Parliament Trust. 2023-yil 30-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 9-iyun.
  25. Magnusson (ed.
  26. 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 Rebhorn, W. A. (ed.) p. xviii
  27. Gerard B. Wegemer, Portrait of Courage, p. 136.
  28. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Thomas Cromwell : a life, 27-sentabr 2018-yil — 160–162-bet. ISBN 978-1-84614-429-5. 
  29. Mueller & Loewenstein 2002.
  30. Hiscock & Wilcox 2017.
  31. Moynahan 2014.
  32. Rex, Richard. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More Logan: . Cambridge University Press, 2011 — 93-bet. ISBN 978-1-139-82848-2. 
  33. Farris, Michael (2007). ?From Tyndale to Madison“. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (yordam)
  34. MacCulloch (2018) p. 160: "[More]…turned to waging implacable war on enemies of the Church whom he could crush without inhibition.
  35. Marius, Richard (1999).
  36. 36,0 36,1 Thomas More's Trial by Jury: A Procedural and Legal Review with a Collection of Documents Henry Ansgar Kelly: . Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2011 — xiv–xvi-bet. ISBN 978-1-84383-629-2. 
  37. Tudor Constitutional Documents: A. D. 1485-1603 Tanner: . CUP Archive, 1922 — 17-bet. Qaraldi: 15-iyun 2021-yil. 
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  39. Thomas More. Utopia, Translated by G.C. Richards, William P. Weaver, Broadview Press, 2010 — 8–9-bet. ISBN 978-1-4604-0211-5. 
  40. Daniel Eppley. Defending Royal Supremacy and Discerning God's Will in Tudor England. Routledge, 2016 — 13-bet. ISBN 978-1-351-94579-0. 
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  42. More, Thomas ?Introduction“, . More's Utopia, 1952 Lumby: , Cambridge University Press, 31-oktabr 2013-yil — vii-bet. ISBN 978-1-107-64515-8. 
  43. O'Donovan, Louis. The Defence of the Seven Sacraments, 5-noyabr 2019-yil. ISBN 978-1-5380-9202-6. 
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